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\center \huge Exceptions |
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\center \huge Exceptions |
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# Examples d'erreurs |
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* division par zéro |
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* dépassement d'un tableau |
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* clé non trouvée dans un dico |
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* opération entre types incompatibles |
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* le fichier n'existe pas |
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* la variable n'existe pas |
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# Les backtraces |
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# Exemple |
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```python |
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```python |
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def une_fonction(): |
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def une_fonction(): |
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@@ -39,8 +30,9 @@ Traceback (most recent call last): |
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ZeroDivisionError: division by zero |
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ZeroDivisionError: division by zero |
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``` |
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``` |
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ZeroDivisionError est une *classe*. |
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# Les backtraces |
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# Exemple modifié |
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```python |
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```python |
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def une_fonction(diviseur): |
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def une_fonction(diviseur): |
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@@ -52,7 +44,8 @@ def une_autre_fonction(): |
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une_autre_fonction() |
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une_autre_fonction() |
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``` |
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``` |
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# Les backtraces |
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# Exemple modifié |
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``` |
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``` |
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Traceback (most recent call last): |
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Traceback (most recent call last): |
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@@ -65,16 +58,49 @@ Traceback (most recent call last): |
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ZeroDivisionError: division by zero |
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ZeroDivisionError: division by zero |
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``` |
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``` |
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# Lever une exception |
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**Prenez le temps de lire les backtraces soigneusement!** |
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```python |
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def retirer_somme(compte, montant): |
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solde = ... |
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if montant >= solde: |
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raise ValueError("montant supérieur au solde!") |
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# Exemples d'erreurs |
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* `b += 2` - **NameError** |
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* `a / 9` - **ZeroDivisionError** |
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* `my_list[42]` - **IndexError** |
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* ``my_dict["bad-key"]`` - **KeyError** |
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* `1 + "two"` - **TypeError** |
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* `open("badpath")` - **FileNotFoundError** |
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# Hiérarchie d'exceptions (simplifiée) |
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``` |
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BaseException |
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+-- SystemExit |
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+-- KeyboardInterrupt |
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+-- Exception |
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+-- ArithmeticError |
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| +-- ZeroDivisionError |
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+-- LookupError |
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| +-- IndexError |
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| +-- KeyError |
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+-- OSError |
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| +-- FileNotFoundError |
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+-- TypeError |
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+-- ValueError |
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``` |
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``` |
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Liste complète dans la documentation: |
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https://docs.python.org/fr/3/library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy |
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# KeyboardInterrupt et SystemExit |
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* `KeyboardInterrupt` est levée quand on fait `ctrl-c`. |
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* `SystemExit` est levé quand on utilise `sys.exit()` |
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* Python cache la backtrace dans ce cas-là |
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* Pas utile de l'attrapper en général |
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# Attraper une exception |
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# Attraper une exception |
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```python |
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```python |
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@@ -85,16 +111,11 @@ except ZeroDivisionError: |
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print("someone tried to divide by zero!") |
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print("someone tried to divide by zero!") |
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``` |
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``` |
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* Note: si l'exception n'est pas une fille de la classe attrapee, c'est rate. |
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# Attraper une exception |
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* On peut mettre plusieurs blocs de `except` |
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* On peut attraper plusieurs exceptions d'un coup |
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* Note: si l'exception n'est pas une fille de la classe attrapée, c'est raté. |
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# Attraper une exception |
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# Attraper une exception |
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On peut mettre plusieurs blocs de `except` |
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```python |
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```python |
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try: |
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try: |
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@@ -105,43 +126,71 @@ except FileNotFoundError: |
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print("file not found") |
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print("file not found") |
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``` |
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``` |
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# Attraper une exception |
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On peut attraper plusieurs exceptions d'un coup |
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Attention aux bare except |
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# Hiérarchies |
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À connaître |
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À utiliser si vous faites une librairie. |
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```python |
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try: |
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something_dangerous() |
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except (ZeroDivisionError, FileNotFoundError): |
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print("something bad happened") |
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``` |
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# finally, else |
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# finally, else |
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# WBYL et EAFP |
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Watch Before You Leap |
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Easier to Ask for Forgiveness than Permission |
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```python |
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try: |
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something_dangerous() |
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except SomeError: |
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print("something bad happened") |
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else: |
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print("everything went well") |
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finally: |
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clean_up() |
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``` |
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# WBYL |
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fichiers encore: |
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* Watch Before You Leap |
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```python |
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```python |
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if exists(): |
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if exists(): |
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if pas_un_dossier(): |
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if j_ai_les_droits_en_lecture(): |
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open(filename): |
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if pas_un_dossier(): |
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if j_ai_les_droits_en_lecture(): |
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open(filename): |
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``` |
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``` |
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# EAFP |
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* Easier to Ask for Forgiveness than Permission |
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```python |
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```python |
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try: |
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try: |
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open(filename): |
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file = open(filename) |
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catch IOError: |
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catch IOError: |
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... |
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... |
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finally: |
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file.close() |
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``` |
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``` |
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# Avec with |
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Pas besoin de `finally` :) |
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# avec with |
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```python |
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try: |
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with file = open(filename): |
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lines = file.readlines() |
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except FileNotFoundError: |
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print("Fichier non trouvé") |
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``` |
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L'exception est capturée, le fichier est fermé, puis l'exception est |
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levée à nouveau. |
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# attention a ou vous mettez except |
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# Attention à la position du except |
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```python |
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```python |
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if truc: |
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if truc: |
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@@ -150,6 +199,8 @@ if truc: |
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raise MyError("kaboom!") |
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raise MyError("kaboom!") |
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```` |
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```` |
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# Attention à la position du except |
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```python |
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```python |
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if truc: |
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if truc: |
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if machin: |
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if machin: |
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@@ -161,6 +212,7 @@ if truc: |
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``` |
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``` |
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# Attention à la position du except |
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```python |
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```python |
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if truc: |
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if truc: |
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```` |
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```` |
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# Accédér aux détails de l'exception |
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* Avec `as`: |
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```python |
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try: |
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something_dangerous() |
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except FileNotFoundError as error: |
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print("file not found:", error.filename) |
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``` |
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\vfill |
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# Accédér aux détails de l'exceptions |
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Voir la documentation pour les attributs disponibles. |
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# Lever une exception |
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* Avec raise |
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```python |
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def retirer_somme(compte, montant): |
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solde = ... |
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if montant >= solde: |
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raise ValueError("montant supérieur au solde!") |
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``` |
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# Créer vos propres exceptions |
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Toujours hériter de `Exception`. |
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```python |
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class BankError(Exception): |
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.... |
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class NotEnoughMoney(BankError): |
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def __init__(self, amount, withdrawal): |
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self.amount = amount |
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self.withdrawal = withdrawal |
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``` |
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* Avec `as` |
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* Attrribut `args` |
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* Parfois d'autres atttributs (voir la doc) |
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